Consecuencias de la ausencia del padre varón en los hijos.
Julio Bronchal nos habla del riesgo que conlleva para los menores la falta de la figura parental.
Este riesgo vulnera el derecho a la integridad moral
Introducción
Ante la cuestión planteada, las distintas investigaciones y estudios psicológicos y sociológicos convergen en el mismo resultado: la ausencia del padre en la vida de los hijos tiene, en la inmensa mayoría de los casos, repercusiones negativas que se manifiestan en diferentes planos del ajuste adaptativo de los niños. La incidencia de estas consecuencias viene modulada por múltiples factores. Podemos citar, como los más significativos, la edad de los menores en la que se inicia la privación de la presencia paterna y la duración de la misma, las causas que la originan, el sexo de los hijos, variables psicológicas de los niños y factores del entorno de naturaleza familiar, social, cultural y económica.
Publicado el
Conclusiones sobre los efectos en los hijos de la ausencia paterna.
Las amenazas, que pesan sobre los niños privados de la presencia paterna, apoyan la tesis de la necesidad y conveniencia para los menores de la presencia del progenitor varón en su vida familiar.
Estas evidencias no hacen más que demostrar empíricamente lo que es una intuición fácilmente comprensible:
El niño precisa, para una evolución armónica, y para afrontar todas las tareas evolutivas pendientes, el modelo, la presencia, el afecto y el apoyo de ambos progenitores.
Cada uno de ellos está llamado a favorecer desde roles complementarios, exclusivos, insustituibles y únicos la perfecta evolución de la personalidad de sus hijos.
Consideramos que cuando, sin una razón muy fundamentada, se aleja a un padre, parentalmente competente, de sus hijos, se priva a los mismos de un recurso imprescindible para la construcción armónica de su propia personalidad y se le expone a un grave riesgo para su sano ajuste psicológico y social.
Wallerstein JS, Kelly JB. Surviving the break up: How children and parents cope with divorce. Nueva York: Basic Books, 1980
Wallerstein JS. Children of divorce: report of a ten-year follow-up of young children. Am J Ortopsychiatry 1987; 57: 199-211
Wallerstein JS, Johnston JR. Children of divorce: recent findings regarding long-term effects and recent studies of joint and sole custody. Pediatr Rev, 1990; 11: 197-204
Wallerstein JS. The long-term effects of divorce on children: a review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991; 30: 349-360
Lasa A, González F. El niño en la familia monoparental. FMC (Formación Médica Continuada) 1996; 3: 211-221
Weitzman M, Adair R.Divorcio e hijos. Clínicas Pediátricas de Norteamérica, 1988: 6: 1451-1464
Lessing, E. E., Zagorin, S. W., & Nelson, D. (1970). WISC subtest and IQ score correlates of father absence. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 117, 181-195.
Shinn , M. (1978). Father absence and children's cognitive development. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 295-324.
Biller, H. B. (1974). Paternal deprivation: Family, school, sexuality, and society. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Hetherington, E. M., Camara, K. A., & Featherman, D. L. (1983). Achievement and intellectual functioning of children from one-parent households. In J. Spence (Ed.), Achievement and achievement motives (pp. 205-284). New York: W. H. Freeman.
Hetherington, E. M., Cox, M., & Cox, R. (1978). The aftermath of divorce. In J. J. H. Stevens & M. Matthews (Eds.), Mother-child, father-child relations. Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Bisnaire, L., Firestone, P., and Rynard, D., 1990, “ Factors Associated with Academic Achievement in Children Following Parental Separation”. American Journal of Orthopsiychiatry, 60, (1), January, 1990.
Idem. Biller, H. B., & Weiss, S. D. (1970). The father-daughter relationship and the personality development of the female. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 116(March), 79-93.
Hetherington, E. M. (1972). Effects of father absence on personality development in adolescent daughters. Developmental Psychology, 7(3), 313-326
Ibídem.
Ibídem.
McLanahan, S., & Bumpass, L. (1988). Intergenerational consequences of family disruption. American Journal of Sociology, 94(1), 130-152
Lohr, R., Mendell, A. and Riemer, B. (1989), “ Clinical Observations on Interferences of Early Father Absence in the Achievement of Feminity”. Clinical Social Work Journal, V. 17, #4, Winter, 1989
Frost, A., and Pakiz, B.1990, “The Effects of Marital Disruption on Adolescents: Time as a Dynamic”. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60, (4), October, 1990
Kalter, N. 1987, “ Long-Terms of Divorce on Children: A Developmental Vulnerbility.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(4), October, 1987.
Bee, H. L. (1974). Overview: On the importance of fathers. In H. L. Bee (Ed.), Social issues in developmental psychology (pp. 367-377). New York: Harper & Row.
Ibídem.
Mott, F. L. (1994). Sons, daughters and fathers' absence: Differentials in father-leaving probabilities and in-home environments. Journal of Family Issues, 15(1), 97-128.
Mitchell, D., & Wilson, W. (1967). Relationship of father-absence to masculinity and popularity of delinquent boys. Psychological Reports, 20(June), 1173-1174.
Cazenave, N. A. (1979). Middle-income Black fathers: An analysis of the provider role. The Family Coordinator, 28(4), 583-593.
Amato, P. R., & Keith, B. (1991). Separation from a parent during childhood and adult socioeconomic attainment. Social Forces, 70(1), 187-206.
Ibídem.
Ibídem.
Baydar, N. (1988). Effects of parental separation and reentry into union on the emotional well-being of children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 967-982.
Amato, P. R. (1991). Parental absence during childhood and depression in later life. Sociological Quarterly, 32(4), 543-556.
Parish, Thomas S. (1987). “Children´s Self Concepts: Are they Affected by Parental Divorce and Remarriage”, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 1987, Vz, #4, 559-562
Timms,D.W.G.(1991) Family structure in childhood and mental health in adolescence. Research Report. Department of Sociology, University of Stockholm. Stockholm, Sweden
Dawson,D.A.(1991). Family structure and children’s health and well-being. Journal of Marriage and the Family,53.
Angel, R.J. & Angel,J.L. (1993). Health and the new generation of fatherless families. University of Wisconsin Press.
Es interesante también consultar la información del U.S.A. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Familie, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect 1996
Las amenazas, que pesan sobre los niños privados de la presencia paterna, apoyan la tesis de la necesidad y conveniencia para los menores de la presencia del progenitor varón en su vida familiar.
Estas evidencias no hacen más que demostrar empíricamente lo que es una intuición fácilmente comprensible:
El niño precisa, para una evolución armónica, y para afrontar todas las tareas evolutivas pendientes, el modelo, la presencia, el afecto y el apoyo de ambos progenitores.
Cada uno de ellos está llamado a favorecer desde roles complementarios, exclusivos, insustituibles y únicos la perfecta evolución de la personalidad de sus hijos.
Consideramos que cuando, sin una razón muy fundamentada, se aleja a un padre, parentalmente competente, de sus hijos, se priva a los mismos de un recurso imprescindible para la construcción armónica de su propia personalidad y se le expone a un grave riesgo para su sano ajuste psicológico y social.
Wallerstein JS, Kelly JB. Surviving the break up: How children and parents cope with divorce. Nueva York: Basic Books, 1980
Wallerstein JS. Children of divorce: report of a ten-year follow-up of young children. Am J Ortopsychiatry 1987; 57: 199-211
Wallerstein JS, Johnston JR. Children of divorce: recent findings regarding long-term effects and recent studies of joint and sole custody. Pediatr Rev, 1990; 11: 197-204
Wallerstein JS. The long-term effects of divorce on children: a review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991; 30: 349-360
Lasa A, González F. El niño en la familia monoparental. FMC (Formación Médica Continuada) 1996; 3: 211-221
Weitzman M, Adair R.Divorcio e hijos. Clínicas Pediátricas de Norteamérica, 1988: 6: 1451-1464
Lessing, E. E., Zagorin, S. W., & Nelson, D. (1970). WISC subtest and IQ score correlates of father absence. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 117, 181-195.
Shinn , M. (1978). Father absence and children's cognitive development. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 295-324.
Biller, H. B. (1974). Paternal deprivation: Family, school, sexuality, and society. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Hetherington, E. M., Camara, K. A., & Featherman, D. L. (1983). Achievement and intellectual functioning of children from one-parent households. In J. Spence (Ed.), Achievement and achievement motives (pp. 205-284). New York: W. H. Freeman.
Hetherington, E. M., Cox, M., & Cox, R. (1978). The aftermath of divorce. In J. J. H. Stevens & M. Matthews (Eds.), Mother-child, father-child relations. Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Bisnaire, L., Firestone, P., and Rynard, D., 1990, “ Factors Associated with Academic Achievement in Children Following Parental Separation”. American Journal of Orthopsiychiatry, 60, (1), January, 1990.
Idem. Biller, H. B., & Weiss, S. D. (1970). The father-daughter relationship and the personality development of the female. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 116(March), 79-93.
Hetherington, E. M. (1972). Effects of father absence on personality development in adolescent daughters. Developmental Psychology, 7(3), 313-326
Ibídem.
Ibídem.
McLanahan, S., & Bumpass, L. (1988). Intergenerational consequences of family disruption. American Journal of Sociology, 94(1), 130-152
Lohr, R., Mendell, A. and Riemer, B. (1989), “ Clinical Observations on Interferences of Early Father Absence in the Achievement of Feminity”. Clinical Social Work Journal, V. 17, #4, Winter, 1989
Frost, A., and Pakiz, B.1990, “The Effects of Marital Disruption on Adolescents: Time as a Dynamic”. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60, (4), October, 1990
Kalter, N. 1987, “ Long-Terms of Divorce on Children: A Developmental Vulnerbility.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(4), October, 1987.
Bee, H. L. (1974). Overview: On the importance of fathers. In H. L. Bee (Ed.), Social issues in developmental psychology (pp. 367-377). New York: Harper & Row.
Ibídem.
Mott, F. L. (1994). Sons, daughters and fathers' absence: Differentials in father-leaving probabilities and in-home environments. Journal of Family Issues, 15(1), 97-128.
Mitchell, D., & Wilson, W. (1967). Relationship of father-absence to masculinity and popularity of delinquent boys. Psychological Reports, 20(June), 1173-1174.
Cazenave, N. A. (1979). Middle-income Black fathers: An analysis of the provider role. The Family Coordinator, 28(4), 583-593.
Amato, P. R., & Keith, B. (1991). Separation from a parent during childhood and adult socioeconomic attainment. Social Forces, 70(1), 187-206.
Ibídem.
Ibídem.
Baydar, N. (1988). Effects of parental separation and reentry into union on the emotional well-being of children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 967-982.
Amato, P. R. (1991). Parental absence during childhood and depression in later life. Sociological Quarterly, 32(4), 543-556.
Parish, Thomas S. (1987). “Children´s Self Concepts: Are they Affected by Parental Divorce and Remarriage”, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 1987, Vz, #4, 559-562
Timms,D.W.G.(1991) Family structure in childhood and mental health in adolescence. Research Report. Department of Sociology, University of Stockholm. Stockholm, Sweden
Dawson,D.A.(1991). Family structure and children’s health and well-being. Journal of Marriage and the Family,53.
Angel, R.J. & Angel,J.L. (1993). Health and the new generation of fatherless families. University of Wisconsin Press.
Es interesante también consultar la información del U.S.A. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Familie, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect 1996